Rilj 


sr 


AN 

ADDRESS 

DELIVERED      AT      THE      REQUEST 

OF     THE 

CITIZENS   OF   HARTFORD, 

ON    THE 

9TH     OF     NOVEMBER,     1835. 
THE    CLOSE 

OF 

THE    SECOND    CENTURY, 

FROM    THE 

FIRST  SETTLEMENT  OF  THE  CITY. 


BY   JOEL   HAWES,   D.  D. 

PASTOR    OF    THE    FIRST    CHURCH    IN    HARTFORD. 


HARTFORD. 

BELKNAP  &  HAMERSLEY. 

1835. 


HARTFORD,  Nov    10th,  1835. 
REV.  DR.  HAWES, 
Dear  Sir, 

The  undersigned,  a  Committee  appointed  by  the 
Citizens  cf  the  Town  of  Hartford,  to  superintend  the 
Centennial  Celebration  of  the  9th  inst.,  respectfully  re- 
quest a  copy  of  the  very  appropriate  and  acceptable  ad- 
dress, delivered  by  you  upon  the  occasion,  in  order  that 
the  same  may  be  published,  for  the  eye  of  the  public. 

We  have  the  honor  to  be, 

Sir,  very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servants, 

CYPRIAN  NICHOLS, 
JOSEPH  TRUMBULL, 
JARED  GRISWOLD, 
RODERICK  TERRY, 

D.  F.  ROBINSON, 
ALBERT  DAY, 

E.  W.  BULL. 


ADDRESS. 


How  changed  is  the  scene  around  us, 
from  what  our  fathers  beheld,  when,  two 
hundred  years  ago,  they  came  and  fixed 
here  the  place  of  their  habitation  and  be- 
gan the  settlement  of  our  state  1  The 
river  that  skirts  our  city  rolls  on  in  its  ac- 
customed channel ;  the  hills  and  the  valleys 
remain,  and  the  general  aspect  of  nature. 
But  all  else,  how  changed !  The  dark, 
unbroken  forests  have  disappeared;  the 
wild  beasts  that  roamed  those  forests  are 
gone ;  and  the  numerous  tribes  of  Indians 
that  inhabited  these  hills  and  valleys,  and 
kindled  here  their  council  fires  and  shouted 
the  war  song,  have  passed  away  and  are 
gone  like  the  leaves  of  their  native  woods. 
1* 


6  CENTENNIAL 

Where,  two  centuries  ago,  naught  was 
to  be  seen  but  a  "  waste,  howling  wilder- 
ness," we  now  behold   flourishing   towns 
and  villages,  the  busy  mart,  and  the  crowd- 
ed city,  with  all  the  accompaniments  of  a 
free,  enlightened  and  Christian  population. 
Instead  of  a  wide,  barren  desert,  we  be- 
hold cultivated  fields  and  smiling  gardens  ; 
instead  of  savage  tribes,  we  behold  com- 
munities of  civilized  men ;    instead  of  the 
murky  Indian  hut,  we  behold  comfortable 
houses  and  splendid  public  edifices  ;  instead 
of  the  Indian  canoe,  silently  darting  along 
our  river,  in  pursuit  of  the  beaver  and  the 
otter,  we  behold  the  steamboat   and   the 
ship,   proudly  floating  on  its  bosom,  laden 
with  the  products  of  every  clime ;    instead 
of  the  war  whoop  and  the  cry  of  savage  cru- 
elty, we  hear,  on  every  side,  the  voice  of 
peace  and   of  comfort,  and  listen   to   the 
song  of  thanksgiving  and  praise,  ascending 
from  thousands  of  grateful  hearts  to  the 
throne  of  the  living  God.     We  are  not  met, 
as  were  our  fathers  in  1635,  in  fear  and 
want  and  gloomy  bodings,  to  offer  our  wor- 


ADDRESS.  7 

ship  under  the  spreading  trees  of  the  wood, 
beneath  a  wintry  sky.  The  armed  men,  ap- 
pointed to  guard  the  place  of  their  meeting 
against  the  attack  of  savages,  are  not  here. 
We  are  met  in  the  enjoyment  of  peace  and 
plenty  and  bright  visions  of  the  future ;  in 
the  temple  of  Jehovah ;  surrounded  with  all 
that  makes  society  sweet  and  life  happy. 
We  are  not  few  and  feeble  and  defenceless, 
as  they  were,  dwelling  alone  in  a  vast  wil- 
derness, and  separated  by  the  distance  of 
an  hundred  miles  of  trackless  forests,  from 
every  abode  of  civilized  man.  The  three 
little  towns  that  were  planted  on  our  river 
in  1635,  have  been  multiplied  to  one  hun- 
dred and  thirty-three.  The  little  company 
of  weary  exiles,  that  came  here,  and  with 
infinite  toil  and  suffering,  felled  the  forests 
and  cleared  the  fields,  and  laid  the  founda- 
tions of  our  state,  have  been  augmented  to 
three  hundred  thousand,  forming  a  constitu- 
ent and  happy  part  of  a  great  nation, — a 
nation  of  more  than  twelve  millions  of 
people,  blessed  with  intelligence,  with  lib- 
erty, with  religion  and  general  happiness 
beyond  any  other  nation  on  earth. 


8  CENTENNIAL 

When  we  contemplate  this  scene  and 
survey  the  mighty  changes  that  have  taken 
place  within  the  period  referred  to,  we  are 
instinctively  prompted  to  inquire  for  the 
cause.  We  wish  to  trace  back  to  their 
source,  those  events  which  we  feel  have 
had  so  important  an  influence  in  mould- 
ing our  destiny  and  deciding  the  condition 
in  which  we  are  to  pass  the  brief  period 
alloted  us  on  earth.  We  feel  an  interest 
to  know  who  were  the  agents  in  effecting 
this  mighty  transformation  ;  what  motives 
brought  them  to  this  field  of  their  toils ; 
what  principles  guided  them  in  laying  the 
foundation  of  those  civil  and  religious  insti- 
tutions which  distinguish  our  lot;  what 
fortunes  attended  them  during  their  sojourn 
on  earth  ;  how  they  lived,  how  they  died 
and  where  is  the  place  of  their  graves. 
Our  interest  is  greatly  increased  in  the  in- 
quiry, when  we  learn  that  the  men,  from 
whom  we  have  received  our  goodly  heri- 
tage, were  our  fathers,  our  own  venerated 
ancestors;  that  their  blood  runs  in  our  veins; 
that  we  hear  and  repeat  their  names,  eve- 


ADDRESS.  9 

ry  day,  in  the  greetings  of  social  inter- 
course ;  that  they  still  live  in  the  midst  of 
us,  in  their  descendants,  our  own  relatives 
and  neighbors  and  friends.  Who  is  there 
that  claims,  even  a  distant  connection  with 
the  fathers  of  our  city  and  state ;  or  who, 
that  only  shares  in  the  common  blessings 
which  have  resulted  from  their  virtues  and 
their  toils,  but  must  feel  an  interest  to  know 
something  of  their  character  and  history, 
and  by  what  means  they  laid  so  deep  and 
strong  the  foundations  of  our  strength  and 
glory  7 

It  is  right,  then,  fellow  citizens,  that  by 
public  meeting  and  proper  observances,  we 
should  celebrate  the  memorable  era  of  the 
settlement  of  our  city.  It  is  a  service 
which  we  owe  to  the  memory  of  men  to 
whom  under  God,  we  cannot  but  feel, 
that  we  are  indebted  for  the  best  and 
most  valued  blessings  of  our  condition. 
It  is  a  service  which  we  owe  to  ourselves, 
as  it  is  adapted  to  cherish  in  us  that  rev- 
erence and  affection  which  are  due  to  ben- 
efactors ;  to  excite  in  us  the  love  and 


10  CENTENNIAL 

the  imitation  of  their  virtues  and  to  lead  us 
to  a  grateful  recognition  of  that  wise  and 
beneficent  providence,  which  so  kindly 
watched  over  their  destiny  and  ours.  It  is 
a  service  which  we  owe  to  our  children  and 
to  those  who  shall  come  after  us,  as  it  is 
fitted  to  show  them  the  estimation  in  which 
we  hold  the  blessings  transmitted  to  us  by 
our  fathers ;  and  the  concern  we  feel  that 
these  blessings  should  continue  to  be  prized 
and  preserved  by  them,  and  handed  down, 
in  all  their  integrity  and  excellence,  to  the 
latest  posterity. 

It  is  fit  then,  I  repeat  it,  that  we  conse- 
crate this  day  to  the  memory  of  our  fa- 
thers. And  here,  in  the  enjoyment  of  insti- 
tutions, planned  by  their  wisdom ;  in  the 
possession  of  fields,  subdued  by  their  care, 
and  of  a  territory  defended  by  their  valor 
and  their  blood  ;  happy  in  a  rich  and  most 
abundant  heritage  of  blessings, — all  to  a 
greater  extent  than  probably  any  of  us  are 
aware,  the  fruit  of  their  counsels,  and  la- 
bors, and  prayers ;  we  are  met  to  perform 
the  meet  service  of  recollecting  the  virtues, 


ADDRESS.  11 

aad  recounting  the  toils,  the  sufferings  and 
achievements,  of  the  venerated  men,  who, 
on  the  9th  of  Nov.  1635,*  took  possession 
of  these  grounds  and  consecrated  them  for- 
ever to  virtue,  to  knowledge,  to  liberty  and 
religion.  We  are  assembled  near  the  spot, 
where  they  first  pitched  their  tents,  and 
first  raised  their  voice  in  prayer  and  praise. 
We  can  trace  out  the  places  where  many 
of  them  lived.  With  a  slight  effort  of  im- 
agination, we  can  see  them,  after  a  weari- 
some journey  of  fourteen  days  in  the  wil- 
derness, arrived  on  the  banks  of  the  river 
and  laboriously  transporting  themselves 
with  their  little  ones  to  the  opposite  shore. 
We  behold  them,  with  slow  and  anxious 
step,  winding  their  way  among  the  trees  hi 
search  of  a  suitable  place  for  their  habi- 
tations. We  see  them  measuring  off  their 
lots,  and  erecting  their  rude  cabins,  along 
the  banks  of  the  little  river,  which  was  the 
part  of  the  town  first  settled.  We  follow 
them  through  all  their  toils,  their  dangers, 

*Appendix,  A, 


12  CENTENNIAL 

their  triumphs,  till  we  see  them  gathered  to 
the  resting  place  of  the  dead.  Their  sep- 
ulchres are  with  us.  The  mortal  remains 
of  the  founders  of  our  city  are  beneath  and 
around  us.  We  tread  among  their  graves ; 
we  read  their  epitaphs  on  the  moss-grown 
stones  that  mark  the  place  of  their  burial. 
But  their  works  have  erected  for  them  the  no- 
blest and  most  enduring  monument.  These 
shall  never  be  forgotten.  They  are  engra- 
ven on  the  deep  foundations  of  our  social 
fabric.  They  are  inwrought  into  the  very 
texture  and  being  of  our  institutions ;  and 
shall  be  held  in  grateful  remembrance,  so 
long  as  intelligence  and  virtue,  as  freedom 
and  religion  are  esteemed  of  any  worth  in 
our  world, 

It  will  be  expected,  on  the  present  occa- 
sion, that  I  should  present  a  brief  sketch  of 
the  settlement  of  this  town,  of  the  charac- 
ter of  the  men  who  conducted  the  enter- 
prise ;  of  their  principles  and  doings,  with 
their  results ;  and  of  the  leading  events  con- 
nected with  our  early  history. 

More  than  a  hundred  years  had  passed 


ADDRESS.  13 

away,  after  the  Cabots,  under  a  commis- 
sion from  Henry  VII.  had  discovered  the 
northern  continent  of  North  America,  be- 
fore any  permanent  settlement  was  made  in 
the  country.  Adventurers  had  at  different 
times  visited  the  coast  from  motives  of  curi- 
osity or  of  trade ;  and  here  and  there,  an  at- 
tempt had  been  made  to  found  colonies ;  but 
they  wrere  soon  abandoned  or  were  destroy- 
ed by  the  natives.  That  wise  providence 
which  directs  the  affairs  of  nations  and  of 
men,  had  destined  this  land  to  be  the  asy- 
lum of  oppressed  piety  and  liberty  of  con- 
science, and  therefore  denied  its  coloniza- 
tion to  those  who  attempted  it  from  motives 
of  worldly  gain.  England  was  not  allow- 
ed to  occupy  the  country  she  had  discover- 
ed, till  the  moral  and  religious  advance- 
ment which  her  people  were  to  undergo,  had 
qualified  her  to  become  the  parent  of  North 
America.  That  time  had  now  come.  In 
the  midst  of  persecution  and  in  an  iron  age, 
a  society  of  men  had  risen  up  in  Great  Bri- 
tain, who,  in  the  spirit  of  intelligence  and 
piety  and  lofty  enterprise,  were  prepared 


14  CENTENNIAL 

to  become  the  founders  of  a  great  nation. 
They  were  called  Puritans  ; '  a  name  of  re- 
proach in  their  day;  but  a  name  which 
every  New  Englander  should  be  proud  to 
read  in  the  line  of  his  ancestors.  They 
had  been  trained  in  the  school  of  ad- 
versity. They  had  studied  the  rights  of 
Christians  and  of  men,  in  exile  and  in  pris- 
on, and  were  ready  to  suffer  and  die  in  de- 
fence of  them.  Deprived  in  their  native 
land,  of  what  is  most  valued  by  freemen, 
and  most  revered  by  protestants,  the  right 
of  worshipping  God  according  to  the  rules 
of  his  word  and  the  dictates  of  conscience, 
they  turned  their  eyes  towards  this  land 
and  sought  here  a  refuge  from  the  oppres- 
sions of  an  odious  civil  and  ecclesiastical 
despotism.  "  The  sun,"  they  said,  "  shines 
as  pleasantly  on  America,  as  on  England, 
and  the  sun  of  righteousness,  much  more 
clearly.  We  are  treated  here  in  a  manner 
which  forfeits  all  claim  upon  our  affection. 
Let  us  remove,  whither  the  providence  of 
God  calls,  and  make  that  our  country 
which  is  dearer  than  property  or  life,  the 


ADDRESS.  15 

liberty  of  worshipping  God  in  the  way, 
which  appears  to  us  most  conducive  to 
our  eternal  wTell  being."  Not  that  our  fa- 
thers were  hostile  to  the  established  church 
of  England,  either  in  her  worship  or  doc- 
trines, as  taught  in  her  Thirty-Nine  Arti- 
cles. They  clung  to  her  with  filial  attach- 
ment, amid  sufferings  and  wrongs,  at  the 
recital  of  which,  the  heart  sickens.  They 
parted  from  her  "  with  much  sadness  of 
heart  and  many  tears,"  and,  on  leaving 
the  country,  pledged  their  affectionate  re- 
membrance of  her,  in  their  prayers  to  God, 
"  for  her  welfare  and  the  enlargement  of 
her  bounds  in  the  kingdom  of  Christ."*  But 
the  intolerant  James  had  said  in  his  star 
chamber,  "  let  not  Puritans  be  tolerated." 
The  High  Commission  Court  "  trampled 
on  their  rights  and  their  consciences." 
They  were  compelled  to  observe  forms  and 
ceremonies  which  they  sincerely  believed 
to  be  unscriptural  and  the  relics  of  popery. 
They  were  forbidden  to  meet  together  to 

*  1.  Hutchinson,  432. 


16  CENTENNIAL 

worship  God,  except  at  set  times  and  ac- 
cording to  prescribed  forms  ;  and  they  were 
ordered,  by  royal  and  prelatical  authority, 
to  encourage  the  profanation  of  the  Sab- 
bath, by  publishing  Sunday  sports  from 
their  pulpits.*  These  things  they  bore  till 
they  became  insupportable,  and  their  only 
hope  of  relief  was  emigration  to  a  foreign 
land. 

The  pilgrims  of  Plymouth  led  the  way. 
After  having  sought  and  found,  for  a  sea- 
son, a  home  in  Holland,  they  resolved  upon 
coming  to  America,  hoping,  as  they  said, 
"  that  they  should  lay  some  foundatioai,.  or 
make  way  for  propagating  the  kingdq&i  of 
Christ  tcr  the  remote  ends  of  the  earth  ; 
though  they  should  be  only  as  stepping 
stones  to  others."  With  this  view,  they 
embarked  their  earthly  all  on  board  the 
Mayflower,  a  small  vessel  of  one  hundred 
and  twenty  tons,  and  in  1620,  landed,  one^ 
hundred  and  one  souls  of  them,  on  the 
shores  of  Plymouth.  As  this  was  the  first 

*  Neal's  Hi3t.  of  the  Puritans,  vol.  2  ;  265—9. 


ADDRESS.  17 

colony  planted  in  New-England,  and  in- 
deed, the  motive  and  model  of  all  that  fol- 
lowed, it  deserves  something  more  than  a 
passing  notice. 

To  the  eye  of  philosophy,  the  landing  on 
the  rocky,  sterile  soil  of  Plymouth,  of  a  few 
outcast  and  despised  exiles,  was  an  event 
of  little  importance.  Indeed,  poor,  friend- 
less, unprotected,  as  they  were  ;  cast  amid 
the  rigors  of  a  northern  winter,  upon  a  cold, 
rocky,  barren,  uninhabited  shore ;  sickness 
and  death  beginning  immediately  to  thin 
their  ranks,  and,  before  the  opening  of  the 
next  spring,  laying  nearly  one  half  of  their 
number  in  the  grave  ;  on  every  principle 
of  human  calculation,  the  speedy  extinc- 
tion of  the  colony  would  have  been  pre- 
dicted with  entire  certainty.  But  open  the 
page  of  history  and  point  me  if  you  can  to 
an  event  of  more  importance  to  the  race  of 
man,  than  was  the  arrival  of  the  pilgrims 
at  Plymouth,  on  the  22d  of  December, 
1620.  It  was  one  of  those  events  which 
form  an  epoch  in  the  history  of  the  world. 
It  laid  the  foundation  of  a  new  state  of  so- 

2* 


18  CENTENNIAL 

ciety ;  of  new  laws,  new  governments,  new 
forms  of  worship, — of  a  great,  prosperous 
and  growing  republic, — itself  destined  to 
be  the  origin  of  other  republics  and  the  re- 
former of  other  nations.  We  are  accus- 
tomed to  look  to  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence, as  the  charter  of  our  freedom. 
My  friends,  we  must  look  farther  back  for 
that  charter.  The  spirit  of  it  was  in  the 
bosoms  of  the  pilgrims  ;  and  before  they 
left  the  little  bark,  that  had  borne  them 
across  the  ocean,  they  embodied  it,  in  a 
written,  social  compact,  by  which  they  con- 
stituted themselves  a  '  civil  body  politic,' 
and  adopted  as  the  basis  of  their  union,  the 
great  principle,  that  the  'majority  should  go- 
vern. Here  is  brought  out  the  grand  idea 
of  a  free,  elective  government.  The  ap- 
plication of  this  principle  was,  at  that  day, 
but  imperfectly  understood.  But  the  prin- 
ciple itself  was  fully  recognized  ;  and  it 
was  earnestly  cherished  and  manfully  de- 
fended by  the  colonists,  in  many  a  long 
and  severe  contest  with  the  mother  coun- 
try, till  it  led  to  the  war  of  the  revolution 


ADDRESS,  19 

and  was  incorporated  in  the  great  instru- 
ment of  our  national  union.  May  it  live 
there  forever. 

Let  us  then  be  just  to  the  memory  of  the 
pilgrims.  They  set  the  example  of  coloni- 
zing New-England,  and  formed  the  mould 
for  the  civil  and  religious  character  of  its  in- 
stitutions.* Indeed,  but  for  the  success  of 
this  colony,  begun  and  sustained  in  the 
spirit  of  religion  and  of  freedom,  it  may  be 
doubted,  as  Hutchinsonf  suggests,  whether 
for  a  century  after,  Britain  wrould  have  had 
any  colonies  in  America.  Repeated  at- 
tempts had  been  made  to  establish  colo- 
nies, but  with  uniform  disaster  and  failure. 
The  infant  colony  in  Virginia  was  in  an  ex- 
piring condition,  but  was  revived,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  success  of  the  settlement  at 
Plymouth.  The  pilgrims  were  destined, 
in  the  purpose  of  God,  to  be  pioneers  in  the 
great  work  of  planting  in  this  country  the 
seminal  principles  of  republican  freedom 
and  national  independence.  That  work 

*  Bancroft's  History  of  the  United  States,  439.     t  I.  Vol.  11. 


20  CENTENNIAL 

they  nobly  accomplished ;  and  well  was  it 
said  by  one  of  their  number,  the  excellent 
Bradford, — "  Out  of  small  beginnings  great 
things  have  been  produced ;  and  as  one 
small  candle  may  light  a  thousand,  so  the 
light  here  kindled  hath  shone  to  many,  yea, 
in  some  sort,  to  over  whole  nations."  That 
light  brought  over  Endicott  and  his  compa- 
ny to  settle  at  Salem  in  1628 ;  and  Winthrop 
and  his  company  to  settle  Charlestown  and 
Boston,  in  1630.  Both  these  colonies  took 
counsel  of  their  neighbors  at  Plymouth  in 
the  establishment  of  their  civil  and  ecclesi- 
astical polity,  and  professed  to  be  greatly 
influenced  by  their  example.  The  fathers 
of  Connecticut  came  from  Massachusetts, 
and  derived  from  them  the  essential  princi- 
ples of  our  free  and  happy  institutions. 
Thus,  as  the  children  of  Israel  traced  to  the 
rock  in  Horeb,  the  stream  that  followed 
and  refreshed  them  in  the  wilderness,  so 
do  we  trace  to  the  rock  of  the  pilgrims,  as 
to  a  deep  spring-head,  the  civil  and  reli- 
gious blessings  which  distinguish  our  state 
and  country. 


ADDRESS.  21 

The  first  settlers  of  this  town  were  a 
choice  company  of  emigrants,  gathered 
from  among  the  most  valued  citizens  and 
oldest  churches  of  Massachusetts.  Several 
of  them  were  persons  of  education  and 
wealth,  and  had  lived  in  affluence  and  ease 
in  their  native  land.  They  were  originally 
from  Braintree,  and  its  vicinity  ;  a  village 
in  the  county  of  Essex  in  England.  They 
arrived  in  this  country  in  1632  ;  and  first 
settled  at  Mount  Wollaston,  now  Quincy, 
near  Boston.*  But  in  the  course  of  the 
year.  "  by  order  of  court,"  they  removed 
to  Newtown,  now  Cambridge.  There,  in 
1633,  the  church  was  gathered, — the  eighth 
in  the  country, — which  statedly  worships 
in  this  house  ;  and  the  Rev.  Messrs.  Hook- 
er and  Stone,  became  their  pastor  and  teach- 
er. Soon  the  question,  respecting  a  remo- 
val to  some  more  commodious  place  began 
to  be  agitated.  The  colonists  complained 
that  they  \vere  straitened  for  room,  and 

*  Holme's  Hist,  of  Cambridge  in  Mass.  Hist.  Coll  vol.  7—10- 
1  Winthrop,  89, 


22  CENTENNIAL 

could  not  receive  those  of  their  friends  who 
might  wish  to  join  them  from  England. 
This  has  appeared  to  some  a  very  improb- 
able reason  for  removal ;  and  it  has  been 
thought,  that  a  better  one  has  been  found 
in  the  jealousy,  which,  it  is  gravely  pre- 
sumed, Mr.  Hooker  must  have  felt,  in  rela- 
tion to  the  growing  influence  of  Mr.  Cot- 
ton. But  jealousy  was  not  a  passion  that 
could  dwell  in  the  humble  and  holy  breast 
of  Hooker,  or  be  generated  by  such  influ- 
ence as  the  meek  and  pious  Cotton  was 
formed  to  exert.  These  two  eminent  ser- 
vants of  Christ,  the  fathers  of  the  New- 
England  churches,  were  warmly  attached 
friends  ;  nor  does  it  appear  that  any  thing 
ever  occurred  to  interrupt  the  affection  and 
confidence  which,  it  is  known  they  entertain- 
ed for  each  other  both  before  and  after  their 
arrival  in  the  country.*  Nor  will  it  seem 
strange  to  us  that  the  early  settlers  should 
so  soon  feel  the  inconveniences  of  a  strait- 

*  Note  C. 


ADDRESS.  23 

ened  territory,  when  it  is  considered,  that 
they  generally  had  their  farms  in  common, 
that  they  depended  much  on  the  interval 
and  cleared  lands  in  their  neighborhood  ; 
that  they  were  unacquainted  with  the  best 
modes  of  cultivation  ;  and,  especially,  that 
they  were  obliged  to  live  near  together,  in 
compact  villages,  as  a  defence  against  the 
Indians. 

Be  this  as  it  may,  the  purpose  of  the  peo- 
ple at  Newtown,  to  remove  was  fixed  ;  and 
in  the  summer  of  1634,  six  men  from  the 
"  towns  in  the  Bay"  were  dispatched  to 
examine  the  lands  on  the  Connecticut,  then 
called  the  fresh  river ;  "  who,"  in  the  quaint 
language  of  Hubbard,  "  returning  from  this 
Eschol,  with  a  large  commendation  of  the 
commodiousness  of  the  place  and  fruitful- 
ness  of  the  soil,  they  took  up  a  resolution 
forthwith  to  begin  several  plantations 
there."* 

*  Hubbard's  Hist,  of  New  England,  vol.  II.  306. 


24  CENTENNIAL 

Previous  to  this,  however,  in  the  autumn 
of  1633,  the  Plymouth  company  had  built 
a  trading  house  near  the  mouth  of  the  Far- 
mington  river  in  Windsor.  And  about  the 
same  time  the  "  Dutch  intruders"  had 
erected  what  they  called  the  "  hirse  of  good 
hope,'1  on  an  elevation  of  ground  just  over 
the  little  river,  and  also  a  fort,  near  the 
junction  of  this,  with  the  great  river,  by 
which  they  intended  to  defend  themselves 
in  the  possession  of  the  country.  Neither 
of  these  establishments  continued  more 
than  a  few  years.  The  first  was  soon 
purchased  by  the  settlers  of  Windsor,  and 
the  occupants  of  the  latter  were  ere  long 
driven  off.* 

After  much  delay  in  obtaining  permission 
of  the  General  Court  of  Massachusetts  to 
remove,  the  colonists,  collected  from  the 

*  After  the  Dutch  relinquished  their  settlement,  all  the  lands 
were  in  1653  confiscated  by  virtue  of  a  commission  from  the  Com- 
monwealth of  England  to  Captain  Underlain  and  sold.  A  point 
of  land  which  formed  part  of  their  possessions,  is  still  called  the 
Dutch  point.  Mass.  Hist.  Coll.  vol.  3.  p.  6. 


ADDRESS.  25 

three  settlements  of  Dorchester,  Newtown 
and  Watertown,  commenced  their  journey.* 
Never  before  had  the  forests  of  America 
witnessed  such  a  scene, — a  company  of  pil- 
grims, men,  women  and  children,  penetra- 
ting into  the  heart  of  a  wilderness,  which, 
hitherto,  had  echoed  only  to  the  war- 
whoop  of  the  savage  and  the  cry  of  wild 
beasts.  They  had  to  make  their  way  over 
hills  and  valleys,  and  across  rivers  and 
swamps,  with  nothing  to  guide  them  but  a 
compass,  and  nothing  to  cover  them  but 
the  clear,  cold  skies  of  Autumn.  Methinks 
I  see  them  now,  and  hear  the  rustling  of 
their  footsteps  among  the  fallen  leaves  of 
the  season,  as  they  journey  forward  through 
the  tangled  woods,  seeking  this,  as  a  home 
for  themselves  and  their  little  ones.  Scarce- 
ly have  they  reached  the  place  of  their  des- 
tination, ere  the  winter  is  upon  them  in 
great  severity.  Before  they  could  provide 
shelters  to  protect  them  from  the  cold  and 

*NoteD. 


26  CENTENNIAL 

storms  of  the  season,  the  ground  was  covered 
with  snow  and  the  river  closed  with  ice.* 
The  vessels,  in  which  they  had  embarked 
their  furniture  and  their  provisions,  had  ei- 
ther been  wrecked  on  the  coast,  or  were  fro- 
zen in  at  the  mouth  of  the  river.  Soon  famine 
begins  to  stare  them  in  the  face  ;  and  to 
save  their  lives,  the  greater  part  of  the  set- 
tlers are  obliged,  in  the  depth  of  winter,  to 
make  their  way  through  the  wilderness,  or 
around  the  coast  by  water,  to  Massachu- 
setts. The  sufferings  of  the  few  that  re- 
mained were  extreme.  The  winter  was 
one  of  great  severity  ;  "  and  after  all  they 
could  obtain  by  hunting  and  from  the  In- 
dians, they  were  obliged  to  subsist  on 
acorns,  malt  and  grains. "t 

With  the  opening  of  the  spring,  the  emi- 
grants began  to  return  to  their  habitations 
on  the  river.  On  the  first  of  June,  Thomas 
Hooker,  justly  styled  by  the  author  of  Mag- 
nalia,  "  the  light  of  the  western  churches," 

*  This  was  in  sixteen  days  after  their  arrival,   t  Trumbull,  p.  63. 


ADDRESS.  27 

took  his  departure  from  Newtown,  leading 
on,  through  the  wilderness,  his  entire  flock, 
consisting  of  about  one  hundred  souls.  Af- 
ter a  fortnight's  travel  through  the  untrod- 
den forests,  subsisting,  by  the  way,  on  the 
milk  of  the  kine  which  they  drove  before 
them,  they  reached  the  Connecticut,  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Chickapee  river.  Their 
arrival  here  was  hailed  with  joy  by  those 
who  were  on  the  ground  before  them ;  and 
henceforward  this  became  the  seat  of  go- 
vernment and  the  capital  of  the  old  colony 
of  Connecticut.  The  Indians  were  in  the 
woods  and  the  wild  beast  in  his  lair.  In 
this  very  vicinity  there  were  three  power- 
ful sachemdoms  ;  and  in  the  state,  there 
were  twenty  thousand  of  these  wild  sons 
of  the  forest.  The  most  powerful  of  these 
were  the  Pequods,  inhabiting  the  country 
around  New  London  and  Stonington. — 
These  viewed  the  infant  settlements  on 
the  river  with  a  jealous  eye,  and  determin- 
ed upon  their  destruction.  They  waylaid 
the  white  man  in  his  path  through  the 


28  CENTENNIAL 

woods.  They  seized  upon  him  while  at 
work  in  the  field.  They  cut  him  down 
with  their  tomahawks  at  the  door  of  his 
own  house.  The  question  was  to  be  set- 
tled whether  our  fathers  should  abandon 
the  country  or  meet  and  conquer  this  terri- 
ble foe.  They  determined  on  the  latter. 
On  the  first  of  May,  just  eighteen  months 
after  the  settlement  was  begun,  and  when 
there  were  only  eight  hundred  souls  in  the 
colony,  the  Court  met  and  resolved  upon 
an  offensive  war  against  the  Pequods. 
On  the  tenth,  ninety  men  were  drafted  and 
ready  for  the  expedition.  Embarked  on 
board  three  little  floats  that  were  to  con- 
vey them  down  the  river,  they  received  the 
exhortation  and  the  blessing  of  their  vene- 
rated pastor,  Mr.  Hooker.  "  Your  cause," 
said  he,  "  is  the  cause  of  heaven  ;  the  ene- 
my have  blasphemed  your  God  and  slain 
his  servants  ;  you  are  only  the  ministers  of 
his  justice.  March  then  with  Christian 
courage  in  the  strength  of  the  Lord ;  march 
with  faith  in  his  divine  promises  ;  and  soon 
your  swords  shall  find  your  enemies,  soon 


ADDRESS.  29 

they  shall  fall  like  leaves  of  the  forest  un- 
der your  feet."     So  it  proved. 

Mr.  Stone  went  as  chaplain.  On  the  fif- 
teenth they  were  at  the  mouth  of  the  river, 
whence  they  sent  back  twenty  of  their 
number  to  guard  their  own  defenceless 
homes.  On  the  morning  of  the  28th,  the 
little  army,  consisting  of  seventy-seven  En- 
glishmen and  a  party  of  Narragansett  and 
Mohegan  Indians,  was  before  the  fort  of 
the  Pequods  at  Mistic.  The  day  was  near 
dawning.  A  dog  bays  the  alarm.  It  is  too 
late.  The  Englishmen's  musketry  and 
broad-swords  are  upon  them,  and  their  last 
hour  has  come.  The  brave  Capt.  Mason, 
with  a  party  of  his  equally  brave  men, 
rushes  in  at  the  east  end  of  the  fort  and 
carries  the  battle  into  the  huts  of  the  sava- 
ges, just  roused  from  sleep.  The  conflict 
is  terrible,  and,  for  a  moment,  the  victory 
hangs  in  suspense ;  till  Mason,  seizing  a 
fire-brand,  cries,  "  we  must  burn  them,"  and 
throws  it  among  the  mats  of  their  cabins. 
Instantly  they  are  in  flames.  The  assail- 
ants retire  and  surround  the  fort,  and  the 
3* 


30  CENTENNIAL 

fire  finishes  the  work.  In  one  short  hour, 
the  battle  is  over  ;  six  hundred  Indians  are 
slain  and  the  power  of  the  most  formidable 
foe  of  the  English  is  annihilated.  Our  men 
left  the  scene  of  action  just  as  the  sun 
had  risen ;  embarked  on  board  their  ves- 
sels, which,  just  at  that  crisis,  entered  the 
Pequod  harbor  to  receive  them,  and  in 
three  days  were  at  their  homes  with  only 
two  of  their  number  killed,  and  about  twen- 
ty wounded. 

Our  country  had  not  so  much  at  stake 
in  the  war  of  the  revolution,  as  was  risked 
by  our  fathers  in  this  single  battle  with  the 
Pequods.  Had  this  little  army  been  de- 
feated, all  had  been  lost.  The  warwhoop 
would  immediately  have  been  heard  at  the 
doors  of  their  houses  and  their  wives  and 
children  had  fallen  beneath  the  tomahawk 
and  scalping  knife. 

After  the  destruction  of  the  Pequods,  the 
colonists  enjoyed  comparative  peace  for 
nearly  forty  years,  when  there  was  a  gen- 
eral rising  of  the  Indians  throughout  New 
England,  with  a  view  to  extirpate  the  En- 


ADDRESS.  31 

glish  from  the  country.  This  brought  on 
what  is  usually  called  Philip's  war.  It 
was  a  dark  day  for  the  plantations.  Their 
very  existence  was  threatened,  and  the 
whole  country  was  in  a  state  of  alarm. 
But  while  Springfield,  and  Hadley,  and 
Deerfield,  and  numerous  other  towns  in 
Massachusetts  were  sacked  and  burnt,  and 
their  inhabitants  carried  away  captive,  it 
is  remarkable  that  the  towns  and  villages 
of  Connecticut  were  preserved  from  the  in- 
cursions of  savage  warfare.  Her  brave 
sons,  however,  were  on  every  field  of  con- 
flict— at  every  post  of  danger,  and  their 
blood  flowed  freely  in  defence  of  the  sister 
colonies.*  The  result  of  this  war  was  the 
overthrow  of  Indian  power  in  New  Eng- 
land ;  though  I  find  mention  made  in  the 
town  records,  as  late  as  1704,  of  four  hous- 
es fortified  in  this  town,  two  on  either  side 
of  the  little  river.  This,  however,  was  to 
guard  the  inhabitants  against  the  attack  of 
Indians  from  the  North,  led  on  by  the 

*  Trumbull,351. 


32  CENTENNIAL 

French  who  were  then  at  war  with  the  En- 
glish, rather  than  from  any  fear  of  the 
tribes  residing  in  this  part  of  the  country. 

We  lament  the  fate  of  the  poor  Indians, 
and  feel  a  sadness  of  heart  when  we  reflect 
upon  their  disappearance  from  this  land  of 
their  fathers.  I  find  no  blameable  cause 
of  this  in  the  conduct  of  our  ancestors. 
They  came  here  not  to  oppress  the  natives, 
or  to  drive  them  from  their  lands.  They 
came  to  seek  among  them  peaceable  homes 
for  themselves  and  their  children.  They 
did  not  adopt  the  European  doctrine  that 
the  discovery  of  the  country  gave  the  right 
of  possession ;  and  though  the  patents 
granted  by  the  crown  of  England  professed 
to  give  them  absolute  right  of  territory, 
they  never  assumed  to  act  on  that  right. 
On  the  contrary,  they  uniformly  acknowl- 
edged the  natives  to  be  the  rightful  owners 
of  the  soil ;  and  with  the  exception  of 
parts  of  the  Pequod  country,  which  was 
obtained  by  conquest,  there  is  the  fullest 
evidence  that  the  lands  of  Connecticut,  as 
well  as  of  the  other  colonies,  were  obtain- 


ADDRESS.  33 

ed  by  fair  purchase  of  the  natives.*  This 
same  Suckiang,  where  our  lot  is  cast,  was 
twice  purchased  ;  once  of  Sunckquasson, 
the  Sachem,  in  1636,  and  again  of  the  In- 
dians in  1670  ;  the  evidence  of  the  first 
purchase  being  thought  imperfect. t 

In  settling  among  the  natives  of  the  land, 
our  fathers  had  a  sincere  desire  to  do  them 
good,  especially  to  extend  to  them  the  bles- 
sings of  the  gospel.  This  was  one  great  ob- 
ject they  hoped  to  accomplish  in  coming  to 
"  these  ends  of  the  earth  :"  and  they  labor- 
ed to  attain  it  with  commendable  zeal. 
Laws  were  frequently  enacted  to  defend 
the  Indians  against  fraud,  oppression  and 
violence.  For  many  years,  a  considerable 
part  of  the  business  of  the  commissioners 
of  the  united  colonies  of  New  England,  was 
to  consult  for  the  welfare  of  the  natives, 
and  adopt  measures  to  propagate  Christian- 


*  Dwight's  Travels,  vol.  I.  167.    TrumbulPs  Hist,  passim, 
t  Mass.  Hist.  Coll.  vol.  Ill,  6. 


34  CENTENNIAL 

ity  among  them.*  The  ministers  of  Con- 
necticut were  often  desired  and  directed, 
by  the  General  Court,  to  go  among  them 
and  instruct  them  in  the  knowledge  of  God 
and  religion.  In  this  town,  Eliot,  the  fam- 
ed Apostle  of  the  Indians,  preached  to  the 
Podunk  tribe,  who  had  been  specially  in- 
vited to  hear  his  instructions.  But  his  ef- 
forts were  in  vain.  And  so,  to  a  lamented 
extent,  were  the  efforts  made  by  others  in 
behalf  of  these  ill-fated  children  of  the  for- 
est. A  scattered  few  appear  to  have  be- 
come Christians,  and  were  united  with  the 
different  churches  in  the  colony.  But  not 
one  Indian  church  was  ever  gathered,  by 
the  English  ministers,  in  this  State. t  The 
efforts  made  in  other  parts  of  New  Eng- 
land to  christianize  them  were  attended 
with  greater  success  ;  and  several  flour- 
ishing churches  were  formed  under  the 
ministry  of  Eliot  and  Mayhew,  and  their 

*  1  Hutch.  Hist.  130.  t  Trumbull.vo.  1.  468— 9. 


ADDRESS. 


35 


successors  in  the  divine  work  of  preaching 
the  gospel  to  the  natives.* 

But  they  are  gone.  They  seem  to  have 
wasted  away  before  an  unseen  but  invincible 
destiny.  A  few  years  before  the  arrival 
of  our  ancestors  in  the  country,  nineteen 
twentieths  of  the  Indians  on  the  shores  of 
Massachusetts  had  been  swept  away  by 
war  and  pestilence.!  The  work  of  ex- 
tinction commenced  then ;  and  it  has  been 
going  on  ever  since.  Only  a  few  remnants 
of  scattered  and  fast  wasting  tribes  remain 
on  this  side  of  the  Mississippi.  The  hand 
of  power  is  pressing  them  to  pass  its  wa- 
ters ;  and  when  passed,  they  shall  never  re- 
turn. They  may  find  a  temporary  resting 
place  in  the  territory  provided  for  them  on 
the  other  side  of  the  "father  of  waters." 
The  tide  of  white  population  is  sweeping 
on  towards  them,  soon  it  will  reach  and 

*  The  aggregate  number  of  praying  Indians  in  Massachusetts, 
in  1674,  was  estimated  at  3600.  Morton's  New-England  Me- 
morial, p.  409. 

t  History  of  New  England  by  Morse  and  Parish,  p.  18. 


36  CENTENNIAL 

surround  them,  and  they  will  be  borne  away 
to  seek  other  homes  in  regions  still  mote  re- 
mote. And  judging  from  the  past,  so  it 
will  continue  to  be,  till  that  great  and,  in 
many  respects,  noble  and  generous  people, 
who  once  owned  and  inhabited  these  wide 
spread  territories,  shall  find  no  home,  but 
beneath  the  soil  that  embosoms  the  dust 
and  the  bones  of  their  ancestors.  We  may 
weep  over  their  fate;  we  cannot  refrain 
from  doing  so;  but  it  seems  inevitable. 
1  Our  fathers  did  not  desire  the  evil  days, 
did  not  precipitate  them.'  Let  us  do  what 
we  can  to  extend  to  the  remnants  of  the 
race  the  blessings  of  the  gospel,  and  strive 
to  cheer  their  gloomy  way  with  its  heav- 
enly light,  while  any  of  them  shall  remain 
sojourners  with  us  in  this  world  of  hope. 

Soon  after  the  close  of  the  Pequod  war, 
a  proposal  was  made,  for  a  union  of  the  four 
colonies  of  Massachusetts,  Plymouth,  Con- 
necticut and  New  Haven.  The  proposal 
originated  with  Massachusetts.  But  Con- 
necticut, "  offended  because  some  preemi- 
nence was  therein  yielded  to  the  Bay 


ADDRESS.  37 

state,"  refused  at  first,  to  come  into  the 
measure,  except  on  condition,  that  each 
colony  should  have  a  negative  on  the  pro- 
ceedings of  the  confederacy.  This  would 
have  been  to  defeat  every  valuable  purpose 
of  the  union.  But  the  Dutch,  who  still 
kept  their  trading  house  and  fort  near  the 
little  river,  were  found  troublesome  neigh- 
bors ;  and  the  Dutch  at  Manhadoes,  showed 
a  disposition  to  invade  the  rights  of  the  colo- 
nies. Connecticut  was  therefore  induced  to 
renew  the^negotiation ;  and  in  1639,  Hooker 
and  Haynes  spent  several  weeks  in  Boston 
in  attempting  to  carry  the  proposed  union 
into  effect.  It  was  not  however  accom- 
plished till  1643.  The  New  England  colo- 
nies were  then  united  into  a  confederacy 
and  for  mutual  safety  and  defence,  "became 
as  one  "*  It  was  an  event  of  great  im- 
portance. It  taught  the  colonies  that 
union  is  strength.  It  preserved  them  in 
peace  during  the  civil  wars  in  England.  It 
made  their  power  to  be  respected  by  the 


» Bancroft's  His1,  of  United  States,  454— 5. 
4 


38  CENTENNIAL 

Indian  tribes,  and  also  by  the  Dutch  and 
French  on  their  borders.  It  served  at  the 
same  time  as  the  precedent  and  model  of 
the  confederacy  of  the  states  at  the  period 
of  the  revolution.  In  a  word,  it  gave  con- 
sistency and  vigor  «to  the  grand,  seminal 
idea  of  independence  which  was  in  fact, 
coeval  with  the  very  existence  of  the  colo- 
nies; which  did  grow  with  their  growth 
and  strengthen  with  their  strength,  till  it 
was  proclaimed  and  asserted  in  the  face 
of  the  nation  and  of  the  world,  on  the  4th 
of  July,  1776.  The  British  Chalmers,  in 
his  "  Political  Annals  of  the  Colonies,"  pub- 
lished 1780,  has  well  remarked,  that  the 
"most  inattenive  observer  must  perceive 
the  exact  resemblance  which* the  confede- 
ration of  1643  bears  to  a  similar  junction 
of  the  colonies,  more  extensive  and  pow- 
erful in  1775.  The  principles  upon  which 
each  was  established,  he  says,  were  al- 
together those  of  independency,  involving  a 
system  of  absolute  sovereignty  and  leading 
directly  to  what  it  was  not  policy  for  the 


ADDRESS,  3 

principal  agents  at  that  period  to  avow."* 
The  confederacy  continued  nearly  half  a 
century,  and  ceased  with  the  general  abro- 
gation of  the  charters  of  the  New  England 
colonies  by  James  the  Second. 

In  tracing  the  early  history  of  the  colo- 
nies of  New  England,  it  is  interesting  to 
notice,  how  each  began  its  existence  as  a 
regularly  organized  community,  with  an  es- 
tablished government  and  laws  adapted  to 
its  condition.  The  first  day  that  rose  on 
the  pilgrims  of  Plymouth,  after  their  land- 
ing,beheld  them  "  a  civil  body  politic,"  with 
the  elements  of  their  social  system  clearly 
defined  and  fully  established.  The  same  is 
true  of  the  founders  of  Connecticut.  The 
powers  of  government  were  at  first  exer- 
cised by  them  under  a  commission,  grant- 
ed by  the  General  Court  of  Massachusetts. 
This  continued  only  a  year,  when  the  com- 
mission expired  by  its  own  limitation,  and 
the  government  reverted  to  the  people. 
For  two  or  three  years  the  free  planters 

*  Book  I,  Chap.  8,  Page  177—8. 


40  CENTENNIAL 

of  the  three  towns  of  Windsor,  Hartford 
and  Wethersfield,  though  without  char- 
ter and  without  constitution,  were  accus- 
tomed to  meet  in  this  place,  to  choose 
their  officers  of  government  and  transact 
the  general  concerns  of  the  colony,  very 
much  in  the  form  of  a  pure  democracy, — 
a  fact  strikingly  illustratiye  of  the  steady 
habits  of  the  people  and  their  firm  attach- 
ment to  virtue  and  order.* 

In  1639  a  constitution  of  government 
was  adopted  by  the  associated  freemen  of 
the  colony.  It  was  an  instrument  formed 
in  the  spirit  of  the  purest  and  most  enlight- 
ened liberty.  "  All  the  public  authorities 
rested  upon  the  basis  of  annual  elections, 
exercised  by  ballot,  by  the  whole  body  of 
the  freemen."  It  recognized  no  exclusive 
privileges;  it  established  no  hereditary  dif- 
ferences of  rank ;  it  acknowledged  no  de- 
pendence on  the  mother  country.  It  made 
Connecticut  in  form  and  in  fact,  a  free,  in- 
dependent commonwealth,  claiming  and 

*  Note  E. 


ADDRESS.  41 

exercising  all  the  rights  of  sovereignty; 
and  to  shew  how  deeply,  even  then,  the 
minds  of  the  colonists  were  imbued  with 
the  spirit  of  independence,  it  is  only  neces- 
ary  to  state,  that,  up  to  the  time  of  obtain- 
ing the  charter,  in  1662,  there  is  not  to  be 
found,  in  the  records  of  the  colony,  the 
slightest  recognition  of  the  jurisdiction  of 
the  Crown  of  England. 

The  men  who  formed  this  constitution  de- 
serve to  be  had  in  everlasting  remembrance. 
They  were  not  ignorant,  or  rash,  or  timid 
men.  They  were  Ludlow,  and  Haynes,  and 
Wolcott,  and  Hopkins  and  Hooker,  and  oth- 
ers of  kindred  spirit ; — men  of  clear  minds 
and  good  hearts, — men  who  in  their  views  of 
civil  and  religious  liberty,  were  far  in  ad- 
vance of  their  age,  and  who,  under  the  gui- 
dance of  a  kind  providence,  introduced  a 
form  of  government  which  for  two  centu- 
ries, has  secured  to  the  people  of  this  state, 
a  measure  of  liberty,  of  peace,  of  order 
and  happiness,  not  surpassed  by  any  other 
people  on  earth.  I  say  emphatically  for 

two  centuries.    For  the  charter,  obtained 

4* 


42  CENTENNIAL 

from  Charles  II.  in  1662,  did  little  more 
than  assume  and  ratify  the  constitution  of 
1639.  It  left  its  great  principles  unaltered ; 
and  Connecticut  was  still  a  complete  re- 
public in  every  thing  but  the  name.* 
The  constitution  adopted  in  1818  is  alto- 
gether conformable  in  its  principles,  to  the 
compact  entered  into  by  our  fathers ;  differ- 
ing from  it  chiefly  in  its  adaptedness  to 
a  more  numerous  population  and  to  the  in- 
terests of  a  more  widely  extended  and 
complicated  state  of  society. 

The  constitution  of  1639,  then,  in  its 
main  features,  always  has  been,  and  still 
is,  the  constitution  of  the  state.  It  is  the 
magna  charta  of  the  people's  liberties  ;  and 
they  have  every  reason  for  strong  attach- 
ment to  it.  Nor  should  it  be  thought  a 
matter  of  wonder  or  blame,  that  when 
fairer  means  had  failed,  the  good  people  of 
this  town  should  have  had  recource  to  a 
little  stratagem,  to  save  the  precious  instru- 


*  This  charter  included  the  Colony  of  New-Haven ;  but  the 
union  was  not  effected  in  form  till  1665.     Trumbull,  Chap.  12. 


ADDRESS.  43 

ment,  which  had  secured  to  them  so  many 
privileges,  from  the  grasp  of  the  king's  gov- 
ernor, Sir  Edmund  Andross,  who  in  1687, 
was  sent  over  with  authority,  to  vacate  all 
the  charters  of  the  New  England  colonies. 
The  tradition  is,  that  Sir  Edmund,  having 
arrived  here,  with  a  guard  of  sixty  men,  to 
demand  of  the  assembly,  then  in  session, 
the  surrender  of  the  charter,  it  was  found 
convenient  to  prolong  the  debate,  respect- 
ing the  matter,  till  the  evening;  when, 
suddenly,  the  lights  were  extinguished,  and 
a  captain  Wadsworth  seizing  the  charter7 
as  it  lay  on  the  table,  conveyed  it  to  a 
place  of  safe-keeping,  in  the  hollow  of  an 
oak,  on  Wyllys'  hill.  '  Let  that  tree  stand, 
and  still  bear  the  honored  name  of  the 
charter  oak.  It  deserves  well  of  posterity 
for  concealing  the  precious  deposit.  It 
is  a  venerable  relic  of  the  olden  time. 
While  it  remains,  we  shall  seem  to  stand 
nearer  to  the  age  of  our  fathers.  At  least, 
one  monument  will  remain,  to  remind  us 
of  the  cafe  of  our  ancestors  to  preserve 


44  CENTENNIAL 

for  their  descendants  the  great  deed  of  their 
civil  and  religious  liberties. 

In  less  than  two  years,  Sir  Edmund,  with 
about  fifty  of  his  associates  was  seized  in 
Boston  and  placed  in  confinement ;  and  the 
good  people  of  Connecticut,  not  caring  to 
submit  to  the  government  of  a  delinquent 
in  prison,  the  charter  was  forth  corning 
from  its  safe  retreat;  and  the  chartered 
government,  never  having  been  formally 
surrendered,  was  resumed  and  all  its  func- 
tions re-established.  * 

When  we  reflect  upon  the  innumerable 
civil  and  religious  blessings,  secured  to  the 
people  of  this  state,  by  the  free  and  happy 
form  of  government  adopted  by  our  fore- 
fathers, and  which,  in  all  its  essential  fea- 
tures, has  been  continued  to  the  present 
day,  we  can  scarcely  revolve  with  patience 
the  proposal  of  lord  Say  and  Sele  and  lord 
Brooke,  with  others  of  their  fraternity,  to 
transport  themselves  to  the  colony  and 
here  establish  an  order  of  nobility  and  a 

*  Trumbull,  p.  373.    Dwight's  travels,  Vol.  I.  p.  150. 


ADDRESS.  45 

hereditary  magistracy.  Much  less  can  we 
endure  the  design  of  Archbishop  Laud  to 
erect  an  established  church  in  the  country 
and  incorporate  it,  indissolubly,  With  the  ci- 
vil government  of  the  state.*  Had  such  a 
thing  been,  we  do  not  say,  that  we 
should  this  day  have  been  a  dependent  col- 
ony of  a  foreign  power,  but  certainly  our 
institutions  of  government,  our  laws,  our 
religion,  and  all  the  intercourse  and  habits 
of  society  would  have  been  wholly  unlike 
what  they  now  are  ;  and  the  difference,  we 
cannot  doubt,  would  have  been  to  the  dis- 
advantage ;  if  not  the  loss,  of  all  that  we 
now  hold  most  dear. 

Another  subject  claiming  our  grateful 
notice  on  this  occasion,  is  the  early  and 
benevolent  care  of  our  fathers  to  establish 
common  schools  and  higher  seminaries  of 
learning.  They  were  republicans  in  prin- 
ciple ;  and  their  great  object  in  coming  here 
was  to  secure  the  enjoyment  of  religious 
liberty  under  the  auspices  of  a  free  corn- 
Note  F. 


46  CENTENNIAL 

monwealth.  Persuaded  that  the  only  basis 
on  which  a  republic  can  stand  is  the  gene- 
ral intelligence  and  virtue  of  the  people, 
they  early  made  provision  for  common 
school  education  and  the  religious  instruc- 
tion of  the  community.  In  the  code  of 
laws  established  in  1650,  it  was  ordered 
that  every  town  of  fifty  families  should 
maintain  a  school  in  which  children  should 
be  taught  to  read  and  write ;  and  every 
town  of  one  hundred  families  should  set  up 
a  grammar  school,  "  the  masters  whereof 
should  be  able  to  fit  youths  for  the  univer- 
sity."* 

But  previous  to  this,  probably,  indeed, 
from  the  beginning,  the  system  of  common 
school  education  was  in  operation  in  this 
town,  and  it  is  presumed  also  in  the  other 

*  The  preamble  to  this  law  is  memorable.  "  It  being  one  chief 
object  of  that  old  deluder,  Satan,  to  keep  men  from  the  knowledge 
of  the  scriptures,  as  in  former  times  keep'ng  them  in  an  unknown 
tongue,  so  in  these  latter  times,  by  persuading  them  from  the  use 
of  tongues,  so  that  at  least,  the  true  sense  of  the  original  might  be 
clouded  by  false  glosses  of  saint-seeming  deceivers ;  and  that 
learning  may  not  be  buried  in  the  graves  of  our  forefathers  in 
church  and  commonwealth,  the  Lord  assisting  our  endeavors,  it  is 
ordered,"  &c. 


ADDRESS.  47 

towns  of  the  colony.  In  the  town  records 
of  1643,  I  find  the  appointment  of  a  Mr. 
Andrews  to  teach  the  children  in  the 
school,  with  a  salary  allowed  him  of  six- 
teen pounds  a  year.*  And  repeatedly,  at 
subsequent  periods,  measures  were  adopt- 
ed to  enlarge  the  accommodations  and  in- 
crease the  means  of  instructing  the  young 
in  the  elements  of  useful  knowledge. 

But  the  views  of  our  ancestors  were  not 
confined  to  the  establishment  of  primary 
schools.  Their  thoughts  took  a  wider 
range  ;  and  at  a  very  early  period  a  propo- 
sal was  made  to  establish  a  college  in  each 
of  the  colonies  of  Connecticut  and  New 
Haven ;  but  it  was  not  then  carried  into 
effect  under  a  persuasion,  a  just  one,  no 
doubt,  that  Harvard  college,  already  estab- 
lished at  Cambridge,  was  fully  adequate  to 


*  Since  the  delivery  of  the  Address,  the  author  has  found  an 
earlier  record  in  relation  to  schools, 

Dec.  6, 1642.  "  It  is  agreed  that  thirty  pounds  a  year  shall  be 
settled  upon  the  school  by  the  town." 

In  1648,  forty  pounds  were  appropriated  to  building  a  school 
house. 

1660.  "  Voted,  That  Mr.  Wyllys  and  Mr.  Stone  be  a  com- 
mittee to  consider  what  way  may  be  best  for  the  endowing  a  free 
school,  and  return  their  judgment  at  some  town  meeting." 


48  CENTENNIAL 

the  wants  of  the  population  of  the  whole 
of  New  England  at  that  time.*  For  sev- 
eral years  therefore,  Connecticut  and  New 
Haven  were  accustomed  to  send  their  sons 
to  be  educated  at  Harvard,  and  the  contri- 
butions of  both  colonies  were  liberally  be- 
stowed for  the  support  of  that  infant  insti- 
tution. And  once  at  least,  by  recommen- 
dation of  the  commissioners,  every  family 
in  each  of  the  colonies,  gave  for  the  support 
of  scholars  at  Cambridge,  twelve  pence, 
or  a  peck  of  corn,  or  its  value  in  genu- 
ine, unadulterated  wampumpeag;  while  the 


»  In  1636,  six  years  after  the  arrival  of  Winthrop,  the  General 
Court  of  Massachusetts  voted  the  sum  of  four  hundred  pounds — 
equal  to  a  year's  rate  of  the  whole  colony — for  the  erection  of  a 
public  school  at  Cambridge.  This  laid  the  foundation  of  Har- 
vard College,  which  received  its  present  name — in  honor  of  John 
Harvard,  its  most  liberal  early  benefactor,  and  was  duly  incorpo- 
rated two  years  after.  A  passage  in  "  New  England's  first  fruits," 
published  in  1642,  strikingly  illustrates  the  interest  felt  by  our  an- 
cestors in  literary  institutions.  "  After  God  had  carried  us  safe 
to  New  England,  and  we  had  builded  our  houses,  provided  ne- 
cessaries for  our  livelihood,  reared  convenient  places  for  God's 
worship,  and  settled  the  civil  government ;  one  of  the  next  things 
we  longed  for  and  looked  after,  was  to  advance  learning  and  per- 
petuate it  to  posterity ;  dreading  to  leave  an  illiterate  ministry 
to  the  churches,  when  our  present  ministry  shall  be  in  the  dust." 


ADDRESS.  49 

magistrates  and  wealthier  men  were  pro- 
fuse in  their  liberality,* — a  very  good  pre- 
cedent, by  the  way,  and  would  not  be  a  bad 
substitute  for  modern  education  societies. 

Of  so  great  importance  was  education 
esteemed  at  that  day,  that  one  of  the  early 
governors  of  Connecticut,  Edward  Hop- 
kins, dying  in  England,  bequeathed  the 
greater  part  of  his  estate,  in  this  country, 
to  give  "  encouragement,  in  these  foreign 
plantations,  for  the  breeding  up  of  hopeful 
youths,  in  a  way  of  learning,  both  at  the 
grammar  school  and  college,  for  the  public 
service  of  the  country,  in  future  times."! 
This  charity  laid  the  foundation  of  the 
grammar  school  in  this  city ;  and  also  of 
the  one  at  New  Haven  and  of  another  at 
Hadley. 

In  1698  the  plan  of  establishing  a  col- 
lege in  this  state  was  revived,  and  two 
years  after,  by  a  simple,  but  most  appro- 
priate ceremony,  the  institution  was  found- 


*  Bancroft's  Hist.  498.    Code  of  laws,  1650. 
t  Trumbull's  Hist.  233. 

5 


50  CENTENNIAL 

ed.  Ten  of  the  principal  ministers  of  the 
colony,  having  met  for  the  purpose,  each 
one  brought  a  number  of  folios  in  his 
arms,  and  placing  them  on  a  table,  said, — 
"  I  give  these  books  for  the  founding  of  a 
college  in  this  colony."*  The  learning 
contained  in  these  ponderous  tomes  might 
not  have  been  of  much  value ;  but  the  spir- 
it which  presented  the  offering  was  of  hea- 
venly origin,  and  may  be  regarded  as  a 
pledge,  that  the  smiles  of  heaven  shall  al- 
ways rest  upon  an  institution,  thus  founded 
in  piety  and  prayer. 

Of  Yale  College,  no  true  son  of  Con- 
necticut can  think  without  pleasure,  or 
speak  without  grateful  emotion.  It  is  an 
honor  and  a  blessing  to  the  state  of  which 
she  may  well  be  proud.  It  has  from 
the  beginning  enjoyed,  in  an  eminent  de- 
gree, the  favor  of  God  and  the  confidence 
and  prayers  of  the  intelligent  and  the  good ; 
and  never,  perhaps,  more  than  at  the  pres- 
ent time.  Commencing  with  a  single  stu- 

*  About  forty  folios  were  contributed  in  this  manner. 


ADDRESS.  51 

dent,  and  having  no  more  for  the  first  six 
months,  she  now  numbers  four  hundred 
and  thirteen  among  her  undergraduates. 
She  has  sent  forth  from  her  walls,  near 
five  thousand  sons,  crowned  with  academic 
honors,  who  have  been  dispersed  over  eve- 
ry part  of  our  country,  and  have  shone 
with  distinguished  lustre,  in  the  various  de- 
partments of  usefulness  and  honor  which 
they  have  been  called  to  fill.  "  She  still 
stands  erect  in  the  midst  of  her  grateful 
offspring,"  unenvious  of  the  rising  reputa- 
tion of  younger  institutions,  and  cheering 
on,  by  her  own  bright  example,  every  gen- 
erous competitor  in  the  wide  and  common 
field  of  science. 

To  our  ancestors  then  we  owe  a  debt 
of  gratitude  which  we  can  never  repay,  for 
their  wise  and  pious  care  in  providing  for 
the  interests  of  education.  It  is  owing  to 
this,  that  the  people  of  this  State,  in  every 
period  of  their  history,  have  been  so  distin- 
guished for  their  intelligence,  their  enter- 
prize,  their  sound  morals,  and  their  love  of 
order  and  religion.  May  the  time  never 


52  CENTENNIAL 

come,  when  the  sons  of  Connecticut,  into 
whatever  part  of  the  world  wandering,  on 
returning  home,  shall  not  be  greeted  from 
the  distant  hills  and  smiling  valleys  of  their 
native  State,  by  the  church-spire,  and  the 
village  school  house  standing  by  its  side ; 
the  one  pointing  the  soul  to  heaven,  and 
the  other  guiding  into  the  path  that  lead- 
eth  thither.* 

In  bestowing  a  passing  thought, — time- 
will  allow  no  more, — upon  the  religion  of 
our  ancestors,  the  remark  will  be  admitted, 
that  religion  was  the  grand  pervading  ele- 
ment of  their  character, — the  primary,  im- 
pelling motive  of  their  conduct.  They 
were  Christians  ;  they  were  puritans  ;  chris- 
tians,  devoted  to  the  principles  and  doc- 
trines of  the  reformation  ;  puritans,  despis- 
ed and  persecuted  by  the  wicked  and  the 
profligate  in  their  day ;  but  they  were  the 
tried  friends  and  faithful  defenders  of  civil 
and  religious  freedom ;  the  preservers  of  it 
in  England  and  the  propagators  of  it  in  this 

*  Note  G. 


ADDRESS.  53 

country  and  the  world.*  They  feared  and 
loved  God ;  they  believed  and  loved  his 
truth,  his  day  and  ordinances ;  and  hung 
all  their  hopes  of  civil  and  religious  pros- 
perity upon  the  efficacy  of  his  word,  and 
the  influences  of  his  spirit.  "  We  all,"  it  is 
said  in  the  articles  of  confederation  enter- 
ed into  in  1643,  "  we  all  came  into  these 
parts  of  America  to  enjoy  the  liberties  of 
the  gospel  in  purity  and  peace."  It  has  been 
truly  remarked  that  "  he  who  made  religion 
as  twelve  and  the  world  as  thirteen,  had 
not  the  spirit  of  a  true  New  England  man." 
The  sacred  regard  of  our  fathers  for  the 
Sabbath, — manifest  in  every  part  of  their 
history, — is  strikingly  illustrated  by  one 
fact ; — The  Sabbath  before  the  battle  with 
the  Pequods,  and  while  the  little  army  was 
just  on  the  borders  of  the  enemy's  territory, 
they  rested  all  day  by  their  arms,  and  mov- 
ed not  towards  the  field  of  conflict  till  Mon- 
day came.  To  show  their  high  esteem  of 


*  The  precious  spark  of  liberty  was  kindled  and  preserved  by 
the  Puritans ;  and  it  was  to  this  sect,  whose  principles  appear  so 
frivolous,  and  habits  so  ridiculous,  that  the  English  owe  the 
whole  freedom  of  their  constitution.  Hume's  Eng.  vol.  5.  183 — 
469.  5* 


54  CENTENNIAL 

religious  institutions,  and  how  important 
they  considered  them  to  the  welfare  of  the 
community,  it  is  only  necessary  to  state, 
that  the  six  first  towns  in  Connecticut  and 
New  Haven  enjoyed  the  constant  labors  of 
ten  able  ministers  ;  and  that  at  the  time  of 
the  union  in  1665,  when  there  were  only 
about  eight  or  nine  thousand  inhabitants 
in  the  colony,  there  was,  on  an  average, 
one  minister  to  every  eighty-five  families, 
or  one  to  about  four  hundred  and  thirty 
souls.*  So  vital  was  religion  and  learning 
deemed  to  the  best  interests  of  the  people, 
that  the  church  and  the  school  house  rose 
simultaneously  with  their  own  humble 
dwellings ;  and  it  was  considered  a  '  bar- 
barism, not  to  be  endured,'  that  any  should 
so  far  neglect  their  children  and  domestics 
as  not  to  have  them  taught  the  princi- 
ples of  the  Bible  and  the  elements  of  divine 
knowledge,  in  some  approved  catechism. 

Religion  was,  indeed,  the  great  principle 
by  which  the  founders  of  this  State  and  of 
New  England  were  actuated  in  the  whole 

*  Trumbull,  282. 


ADDRESS.  55 

of  their  great  enterprize.  It  directed  them 
in  the  organization  of  their  government ;  in 
the  making  of  their  laws ;  in  the  regulation 
of  their  families ;  in  their  social  and  do- 
mestic habits ;  in  the  election  of  their  ru- 
lers, and  in  their  public  deliberations  and 

measures. 

It  may  be  admitted,  that  their  reli- 
gion had  in  it,  somewhat  too  much  of 
the  severe  and  the  rigid ;  but  it  was  based 
on  principle;  it  was  inwrought  into  the 
deepest  feelings  of  the  soul,  and  was  most 
operative  and  fruitful.  It  animated  them 
in  labors ;  it  cheered  them  in  darkness ;  it 
supported  them  in  trials ;  it  nerved  their 
arm  in  danger ;  gladdened  their  hopes  in 
all  their  wearisome  pilgrimage  on  earth, 
and  shed  over  their  dying  hour,  the  light 
and  the  smiles  of  heaven.  In  a  word,  it 
was  religion,  the  religion  of  the  Bible,  the 
fear  and  the  love  of  God,  the  purest  and  the 
best  principle,  that  can  warm  the  heart  and 
govern  the  conduct  of  man,  wrhich  gave  suc- 
cess to  their  great  undertaking;  which 
planted  these  hills  and  vales  with  towns 
and  villages  ;  with  churches  and  schools ; 


56  CENTENNIAL 

with  an  intelligent,  virtuous,  thriving  pop- 
ulation, and  is  therefore  to  be  regarded  as 
the  great  source  of  our  prosperity ;  the  foun- 
dation of  the  fair  and  goodly  heritage  that 
has  come  down  to  us  from  our  fathers. 

It  would  not  be  difficult,  I  am  aware,  to 
make  exceptions  to  the  character  an  con- 
duct of  our  ancestors.  They  were  imper- 
fect men ;  they  had  their  faults  ;  they  com- 
mitted their  mistakes ;  and  what  men  on 
earth,  placed  in  their  circumstances,  would 
not  have  done  the  same  ?  Recollect  that 
they  had  been  bred  up  under  an  establish- 
ed church,  and  an  arbitrary  government ; 
that  toleration,  was  a  virtue  unknown  to 
the  age  in  which  they  lived  ;  that  they 
came  here  smarting  from  under  the  lash  of 
ecclesiastical  and  civil  tyranny ;  that  in  lay- 
ing the  foundation  of  a  new  state  of  socie- 
ty, they  had  to  make  their  way  amidst  in- 
numerable difficulties  and  hardships,  with- 
out precedent  and  without  guide  ;  and  is  it 
not  wonderful  that  they  accomplished  so 
much,  with  so  few  mistakes  1  What  did 
they  accomplish  ?  They  recognized  and 
proclaimed  the  equal  rights  of  men  ;  they 


ADDRESS.  £>/ 

established  the  principles  of  civil  and  re- 
ligious freedom ;  they  introduced  the  sys- 
tem of  free  schools  for  the  education  of  the 
whole  people  ;  they  founded  churches  and 
established  the  independence  of  the  church- 
es ;  they  founded  academies  and  colleges ; 
they  developed  and  carried  into  practice, 
the  elements  of  a  great,  flourishing,  well  or- 
ganized republic ;  and  was  not  this  enough? 
What  class  of  men,  or  what  one  generation 
ever  accomplished  more  ? 

Our  fathers  have  often  been  charged 
with  the  sin  of  intolerance  and  persecution. 
But  this  charge,  however,  it  may  lie  against 
some  of  the  early  colonies  in  the  country, 
has  very  little  force  in  relation  to  the  foun- 
ders of  Connecticut.  There  was  indeed, 
an  early  law  against  quakers,  but  it  was 
never  enforced ;  and  church  membership 
was  never  in  this  colony,  made  a  qualifica- 
tion for  civil  office.  It  is  true,  that  provis- 
ion was  made  for  the  support  of  religion 
by  law ;  and  was  it  not  wise  to  do  so, 
while  the  people  were  few  and  scattered, 
and  were  all,  or  nearly  all,  of  one  denom- 
ination ?  Had  it  been  better  for  us  at  the 


58  CENTENNIAL 

present  day,  if  no  such  law  had  existed  ? 

We  may  think  that  some  of  the  laws  en- 
acted by  our  ancestors,  especially  those 
that  related  to  capital  punishment,  were 
oppressive  and  cruel ;  and  doubtless,  if  tried 
by  the  more  enlightened  views  of  the  pres- 
ent day,  such  an  opinion  is  just.  And  yet 
it  was  certainly  doing  much  to  reduce  the 
number  of  crimes  punishable  with  death, 
from  one  hundred  to  fourteen.  This  our 
fathers  did  ;  and  it  may  with  truth,  be 
said,  that  scarcely  a  country  in  Europe 
has  yet  made  its  criminal  code  so  mild  as 
that  of  early  New  England. 

We  smile  when  we  read  some  of  the 
early  laws  of  the  colonies,  and  think  them 
ridiculously  minute  and  absurd.  It  seems 
to  us  a  small  business  for  grave  legisla- 
tors to  be  making  laws  for  the  regulation 
of  dress,  and  manners,  and  eating,  and 
drinking,  and  such  like  things.  But  even 
here  the  conduct  of  our  ancestors  will  not 
suffer  by  comparison  with  that  of  the  wise 
men  of  England  at  the  same  period.  If 
the  pilgrims  of  Plymouth  had  a  law  which 


ADDRESS.  59 

limited  the  greatest  width  of  a  lady's  gown 
sleeve  to  half  an  ell, — a  law  by  the  way, 
which  one  half,  if  not  the  best  half  of  crea- 
tion Would  like  to  see  revived  at  the  pres- 
ent day ;  There  was  about  the  same  peri- 
od a  law  made  by  Queen  Elizabeth  which 
stationed  grave  citizens  at  the  gates  of 
London,  with  scissors,  to  cut  off  all  the  ruffs 
of  passengers  that  exceeded  certain  legal 
dimensions.*  If  there  was  an  early  law  in 
Connecticut  against  idlers  and  tobacco  ta- 
kers, which  subjected  them  to  indictment 
and  punishment  before  a  magistrate  ;  there 
was  another  in  the  reign  of  Edward  3d, 
which  regulated  what  persons  of  every  de- 
gree should  eat,  on  what  days  they  should 
have  sauce  on  their  meat,  and  of  what  this 
sauce  should  be  made.  The  law  respect- 
ing tobacco,  it  may  be  remarked  in  passing, 
was  a  good  one.  Of  that,  we  need  no  oth- 
er evidence  than  the  fact,  that  from  ten  to 
fifteen  millions  of  dollars  are  annually  ex- 
pended in  the  United  States,  in  the  use  of 

*Grahame's  Hist.  1.  308. 


60  CENTENNIAL 

this  vile  article ;  to  say  nothing  of  the 
filthy  habits,  and  the  loss  of  health,  and  life 
which  is  occasioned  by  it.* 

After  all  the  exceptions  that  can  be 
made  to  the  regulations  of  our  ancestors, 
the  recently  expressed  sentiment  of  a  dis- 
tinguished lawyer  in  this  city  is  unques- 
tionably correct;  "  that  no  class  of  men  ev- 
er legislated  more  wisely  for  themselves," 
and  we  may  add,  for  posterity,  than  did  the 
founders  of  Connecticut.  In  judging  of 
their  civil  and  religious  institutions,  it  is 
important  that  we  try  them  by  a  right 
standard.  It  is  a  remark  of  the  late  Chief 
Justice  Marshall,  that  no  man  can  tell  be- 
forehand, how  a  law  wTill  operate.  It  is 
equally  true,  that  no  man  can  tell  how  a 
law  has  operated  without  a  knowledge  of 
the  circumstances  in  which  it  was  enacted, 
and  of  the  character  of  the  people  for 
whose  benefit  it  was  intended. 

Now  the  early  settlers  of  Connecticut, 
and  the  same  is  true  of  the  settlers  of  New 

*See  Fowler's  Disquisition  on  the  use  of  Tobacco. 


ADDRESS.  61 

England,  dwelt  together,  for  a  considera- 
ble time,  as  one  great  family  ;  of  homoge- 
neous character,  and  of  similar  principles 
and  aims.  Their  government,  therefore, 
naturally  assumed  very  much  of  the  patri- 
archal character.  The  father  of  a  family 
says  to  his  children,  you  must  not  break  the 
Sabbath ;  you  must  attend  public  worship ; 
you  must  show  respect  to  your  superiors  ; 
you  must  not  keep  bad  company  ;  you  must 
not  swear  ;  you  must  not  drink  ;  you  must 
not  be  extravagant  in  dress.  The  early 
legislation  of  Connecticut  said  the  same, 
and  it  said  wisely.  The  powers  of  magis- 
tracy were  committed  by  the  people  to  the 
eldest  and  wisest  of  the  people  ;  and  by 
common  consent  they  extended  their  su- 
pervision over  the  morals  and  manners  of 
the  community,  and  over  the  every  day  ac- 
tions and  habits  of  individuals,  with  a  de- 
gree of  particularity  and  strictness,  which, 
though  well  adapted  to  the  circumstances 
of  the  times,  would  be  altogether  inappro- 
priate to  the  situation  of  «i  widely  extend- 
ed and  populous  state. 
6 


62  CENTENNIAL 

But  I  feel  that  vindication  is  unnecessa- 
ry. Our  venerated  fathers  need  it  not.  A 
thousand  hearts,  now  before  me,  beating 
high,  with  grateful  joy  of  such  an  an- 
cestry, declare  they  need  it  not.  Their 
memorial  is  before  us.  It  is  in  their  works. 
These  are  monuments  more  enduring  than 
brass  or  marble.  They  shall  remain  to  tell 
to  generations  to  come  the  virtues  and  the 
deeds  of  our  ancestors,  and  millions  yet  un 
born  shall  rise  up  and  call  them  blessed. 

While  we  pay  this  tribute  to  the  memo- 
ry of  our  fathers,  let  us  be  just  to  the  vir- 
tues of  their  descendants.  I  am  not  dis- 
posed to  inquire  "  what  is  the  cause  that 
the  former  days  were  better  than  these  ;" 
for  I  do  not  think  they  were.  The  first 
colonists  and  their  immediate  successors 
were,  as  a  class,  persons  of  rare  excellence ; 
and  have  not,  probably,  been  surpassed,  by 
any  subsequent  generation,  for  lofty  virtue, 
and  consistent,  devoted  piety.  But  take 
any  point  within  the  last  century  and  a 
half,  and  a  just  comparison  will  leave  no 
doubt,  that  the  general  state  of  societv  is 


ADDRESS.  63 

far  in  advance  of  what  it  then  was.  There 
is  more  intelligence  ;  there  is  more  genu- 
ine refinement  of  character  ;  there  is  a  bet- 
ter state  of  morals  and  a  much  more  wide- 
ly diffused  state  of  religious  feeling  and 
principle.  The  Sabbath  is  probably  not  so 
generally  observed  in  this  place  as  it  was 
fifty  years  ago.  But  there  is  much  less  in- 
temperance than  there  was  then,  especial- 
ly among  the  middling  and  higher  classes 
of  society.  And  if  fewer  people,  in  pro- 
portion to  the  population,  attend  public 
worship,  they  unquestionably  attend  with 
vastly  greater  seriousness  and  decorum ;  re- 
ligion is  much  more  generally  a  subject  of 
thought  and  attention,  and  the  efforts  made 
to  diffuse  its  light  and  blessings  through 
the  world,  are  greater  beyond  comparison.* 
A  little  more  than  forty  years  ago,  there 
were  but  two  places  of  public  worship 
within  the  limits  of  the  city;  now  there 
are  eleven  ;  and  all  of  them  respectably 
filled  on  the  Sabbath,  and  in  nearly  all, 

*  Note  H. 


64  CENTENNIAL 

the  gospel  is  preached  substantially  as  it 
was  held  by  our  fathers. 

Our  growth  as  a  city  has  never  been  ra- 
pid, but  slow  and  sure.  The  people  still 
retain  much  of  the  character  of  their  an- 
cestors,— intelligent,  cautious,  enterprising; 
not  easy  of  acquaintance  nor  forward  to 
make  professions  of  friendship  ;  but  steady 
in  their  attachments,  and  in  acts  of  public 
and  private  charity,  not  surpassed  by  any 
place  of  equal  population  in  the  country. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  last  century 
Hartford  was  a  frontier  town, — all  west 
and  north  was  an  unbroken  wilderness. 
New  England  itself  was  a  thinly  peopled 
territory,  containing  only  one  hundred  and 
sixty  thousand  inhabitants.*  Now  she  has 
full  two  millions,  and  is  the  parent  of  a 
third  part  of  the  vdiole  white  population 
in  the  United  States  ;t  and  as  you  travel 
west  from  this  point,  you  find  cities  and 


*  Connecticut  contained  17000  inhabitants, 
t  Bancroft's  Hist.  TX)7, 


ADDRESS.  65 

towns  and  villages,  a  thriving  and  fast 
spreading  population,  well  nigh  till  you 
reach  the  rocky  mountains.  The  sons  of 
Connecticut,  inheriting  the  spirit  of  emigra- 
tion from  their  forefathers,  have  spread 
themselves  abroad  into  the  most  distant 
parts  of  our  country  ;  and  it  is  delightful  to 
know  that  wherever  they  go,  they  still  love 
and  cherish  the  habits  of  their  native  state, 
and  mark,  to  the  traveller,  the  place  of 
their  residence,  by  the  well  cultivated  farm, 
and  the  school  house,  and  the  church  spire, 
rising  in  the  midst  of  their  neat  and  com- 
pact villages. 

The  individual  is  still  living  and  from 
the  force  of  habit  and  the  love  of  industry, 
is  still  found  every  day  at  the  printer's 
stand,  who  was  employed  in  publishing 
the  first  newspaper  in  this  city  and  the 
third  in  the  state.  Now  there  are  twenty 
thousand  printed  weekly,  besides  an  aver- 
age number  of  three  thousand  two  hundred 
and  twenty-five  volumes  of  books  every 
6* 


66  CENTENNIAL 

day  ; — making  an  aggregate  of  more  than 
one  million  of  volumes  a  year.* 

It  is  within  the  memory  of  the  same  in- 
dividual and  of  several  other  aged  persons 
present,  that,  sallying  forth  from  his  undis- 
turbed forests  on  the  north,  a  bear  came 
down  through  our  streets,  to  the  no  small 
terror  of  the  inhabitants,  as  if  to  see  wheth- 
er he  might  not  contest  with  them  the 
right  of  possession  and  regain  a  foothold  in 
this  his  ancient  domain. 

As  indicating  the  increase  of  business  in 
the  city,  two  or  three  facts  may  be  men- 
tioned. In  1792,  forty-three  years  ago,  the 
first  bank  was  established  in  this  city. 
Now  there  are  six,  with  an  aggregate  ca- 
pital of  near  four  millions  of  dollars. 

In  1776,  the  year  of  the  declaration  of 
our  independence,  the  receipts  at  our  post 
office  were  one  hundred  and  thirty-five  dol- 
lars. The  last  year,  ending  Sept.  30th, 
they  were  fourteen  thousand  six  hundred 
ninety-one  dollars  seventy-five  cents.  The 

*  Note  I. 


ADDRESS.  67 

amount  has  somewhat  more  than  doubled 
within  the  last  ten  years. 

These  things  show  the  rapid  progress  of 
society  around  us  and  the  great  changes 
that  have  occurred  in  the  place  of  our  ha- 
bitation in  the  short  period  of  a  single  hu- 
man life.  The  progress  of  change  is  still 
going  on,  with  a  constantly  increasing  rapi- 
dity. What  new  scenes  of  interest  may 
arise  to  spread  themselves  around  the  city 
of  our  abode,  or  affect  the  destinies  of  our 
common  country,  before  another  day  like 
this  shall  return,  is  known  only  to  the  all- 
comprehending  vision  of  God. 

One  thing  is  certain ;  when  that  day 
shall  dawn  we  shall  not  be  here.  Long  ere 
that  morning  shall  spread  its  light  over 
these  goodly  scenes,  and  summon  the 
people,  who  shall  then  be,  to  remember 
the  God  of  their  fathers,  we  shall  be  gath- 
ered to-  tjie  great  congregation  of  the  dead, 
and  lie  sleeping  beneath  the  clods  of  the 
valley.  We  have  here,  with  united  and 
grateful  hearts,  paid  our  humble  tribute  to 
the  m  ?mory  of  our  revered  ancestors  ;  the 


68  CENTENNIAL 

founders  of  our  city  and  state.  We  wish 
to  leave  it  on  record  for  our  children  and 
those  who  shall  come  after  us,  that  we  ap- 
preciate the  virtues,  venerate  the  princi- 
ples, cherish  the  religion,  and  glory  in  the 
institutions  of  our  forefathers ;  and  would 
fain  bequeath  the  great  inheritance  we 
have  received  from  them  to  those  who 
shall  live  here  when  wre  are  gone.  And 
now,  £  standing  at  this  interesting  hour  on 
the  line  that  separates  the  ages  that  are  past, 
from  those  which  are  to  come,'  were  it  per- 
mitted us  to  offer  one  prayer  which  should 
reach  the  ear  of  the  Lord  of  hosts,  could 
one  be  expressed,  fraught  with  greater 
blessings  to  posterity  than  that  Connecticut, 
that  New  England,  might  be  kept  true  to 
the  spirit,  to  the  principles,  to  the  institutions 
of  our  dear  and  venerated  ancestors  ?  Let 
this  be,  and  New  England  is  safe,  is  free, 
is  happy.  It  was  once  asked  by  a  distin- 
guished individual  of  another,  how  he  should 
act  in  a  particular  case.  The  reply  was, 
act  with  New  England  ;  for,  so  far  as  I 
have  observed,  God  has  always  favored 


ADDRESS.  69 

that  land.  It  is  even  so.  Let  New  Eng- 
land then  remain  true  to  the  spirit,  the 
principles,  the  institutions  of  our  fathers, 
and  come  what  may  on  other  parts  of  the 
land,  New  England  will  be  safe,  be  free, 
be  happy, — still  teaching  the  nation  and 
the  world  the  great  lesson,  which  she  has 
taught  from  the  beginning,  that  intelligence, 
virtue,  religion,  are  the  essential  pillars  of  a 
good  government, — the  foundation  of  a  free 
and  happy  republic. 


NOTES. 


NOTE  A.  p.  11.  THOUGH  the  exact  date  is  not 
given,  there  does  not  appear  to  be  much  difficulty 
in  ascertaining  the  time  of  the  arrival  of  the  first 
settlers.  Winthrop  states  that,  on  the  15th  of  Octo- 
ber, about  sixty  men,  women,  and  little  children, 
went  by  land  towards  Connecticut  with  their  cows, 
horses,  and  swine,  and  after  a  tedious  and  difficult 
journey,  arrived  safe  there.  (1  Winthrop,  p.  171.) 
Many  historians  state  that  they  were  fourteen  days 
on  their  way.  This  would  bring  them  here  on  the 
29th  of  October.  Adding  eleven  days  for  the 
change  from  old  to  new  style,  the  true  time  of  their 
arrival  is  ascertained  to  be  on  the  9th  of  Novem- 
ber. Holmes,  in  his  "American  Annals,"  says 
they  commenced  their  journey  on  the  20th  of  Oct. 
But  as  no  reason  is  offered  for  this  departure  from 
Winthrop,  it  is  presumed  that  it  is  a  mistake. 


72  NOTES. 

NOTE  B.  p.  16.  It  is  difficult  to  speak  of  the 
persecutions  endured  by  our  ancestors  in  their  na- 
tive land  without  seeming  to  cas4Hcep roach  upon  a 
respected  and  fast  rising  denomination  of  Christ- 
ians. The  author  hopes  that  nothing  which  he  has 
said,  will  be  interpreted  as  intending  the  least  re- 
proach of  that  kind.  He  simply  states  an  histori- 
cal fact.  The  intolerance  and  persecutions  of  for- 
mer times  are  equally  disapproved,  and  regreted 
by  all  Christians  of  the  present  day,  and  should 
never  be  mentioned  as  exclusively  the  sin  of  any 
one  sect.  They  were  the  common  errors  of  the 
age — errors;  unhappily,  from  which  even  the  fa- 
thers of  New  England,  notwithstanding  all  their 
sufferings  from  this  source,  were  not  wholly  ex- 
empted. 

NOTE  C.  p.  22  By  a  law  of  Massachusetts,  as 
early  as  1641,  it  was  ordered  that  no  man  should 
set  his  dwelling  house  "above  the  diatance  of  half 
a  mile,  or  a  mile  at  fartherest.  from  the  meeting 
house  of  the  congregation.  (Hutchison's  State 
papers,  168.)  The  second  article  of  the  agree- 
ment entered  into  by  the  first  settlers  of  Spring- 
field, May,  1636,  limits  the  number  of  families  to 
forty,  or  at  most  fifty.  It  appears  from  Mather's 


NOTES. 


73 


Lives  of  Cotton  and  Hooker,  that  these  men  were 
knit  together  in  the  firmest  bonds  of  Christian 
friendship  and  cordial  esteem.  And  yet  these  men 
who  forsook  houses,  lands  and  country,  for  the 
sake  of  the  gospel,  are  described  by  Dr.  Robert- 
son "  as  rival  competitors  in  the  contest  for  fame 
and  power."  This  is  the  only  light  in  which  many 
eminent,  and  even  reverend  writers,  are  capable  of 
regarding  the  labors  of  the  patriot,  the  saint  and 
the  sage. 

NOTE  D.  p.  25.  The  emigrants  from  Dorches- 
ter settled  at  Mattaneaug,  now  Windsor, — those 
from  Newtown  or  Cambridge,  at  Suckiang,  now 
Hartford, — and  those  from  Watertown,  at  Pauqui- 
aug,  now  Wethersfield.  These  three  towns  at  first 
bore  the  names  of  the  towns  from  which  their  re- 
spective settlers  removed  ;  but  within  the  first  year 
after  settlement,  they  received  the  names  which 
they  now  bear.  It  appears  to  have  entered  into 
the  original  design  of  the  settlers  of  Hartford  to 
"  stretch  one  of  the  wings  of  their  plantation  over 
what  is  now  Wethersfield  ;"  but  in  this,  they  were 
defeated  ; — the  "  settlers  of  that  town  being  too 
quick  for  them,  and  seized  it  for  their  own  planta- 
tion ;"  and  as  in  such  sort  of  possessions  the  pre- 
mier seisin  is  the  best  title,  they  could  not  be  dispos- 
sessed by  the  pretensions  of  their  neighbors." — 
Hubbard's  Hist,  of  New  England,  vol.  2  :  307. 


74  NOTES. 

Wethersfield  is  the  oldest  town  in  the  State  ;  and 
was  acknowledged  to  be  so,  in  the  code  of  1650. 
It  appears  that  a  few  huts  were  erected  there  in 
1634,  in  which  a  small  number  of  individuals  made 
shift  to  winter.  Trumbull,  59. 

Not E  E.  p.  40.  The  whole  body  of  freemen 
were  accustomed  to  meet  annually  in  this  city,  on 
the  day  of  election,  to  choose  their  governor,  ma- 
gistrates and  civil  officers,  appointed  by  charter, 
until  1670. 

NOTE  F.  p.  45.  As  early  as  April,  1635,  a  com- 
mission was  issued  for  the  government  of  the  plan- 
tations, "  granting  absolute  power  to  the  Archbish- 
op of  Canterbury  and  to  others,  to  make  laws  and 
constitutions,  concerning  either  their  state  public, 
or  the  utility  of  individuals,  and  for  the  relief  of  the 
clergy,  to  consign  convenient  maintenance  unto 
them  by  tithes  and  oblations,  and  other  profits,  ac- 
cording to  their  discretion  ;  and  they  were  empow- 
ered to  inflict  punishment  by  imprisonment,  or  by 
loss  of  life  and  members." 

This  measure  had,  for  some  time,  been  anticipa- 
ted by  the  people  of  Massachusetts ;  and  to  pre- 
vent its  influence  in  the  overthrow,  both  of  their  ci- 
vil and  religious  freedom,  was,  no  doubt,  one  of 
their  principal  motives  in  making  church  member- 
ship a  qualification  for  the  enjoyment  of  the  rights 
of  freemen.  By  this  regulation  they  excluded  from 


XOTES.  /D 

all  civil  influence  the  friends  of  the  hierarchy  ;  nor 
does  it  appear  how,  by  any  other  measure,  they 
could  resist  the  odious  principles  contained  in  the 
commission  above  referred  to.  They  have  often 
been  charged  with  bigotry  for  excluding  from  the 
elective  franchise  and  from  office,  all  but  church 
members ;  but  it  was  a  necessary  measure  of  self- 
defence  ;  nor  was  the  adoption  of  it  an  act  of  bigo- 
try, unless  it  was  bigotry  to  defend  themselves  in 
the  enjoyment  of  rights,  to  possess  which,  they 
left  country  and  home,  and  encountered  all  the  tri- 
als and  hardships  incident  to  a  settlement  in  this 
western  wilderness.  Nor  was  it  possible  for  them 
to  apply  their  disqualification  directly  and  only  to 
the  adherents  of  the  English  hierarchy.  They 
were  compelled,  if  adopted  at  all,  to  make  it  gener- 
al, and  to  acquiesce  in  the  charge  of  bigotry,  in  or- 
der to  give  efficacy  to  their  policy.  See  this  point 
ably  argued  in  President  Quincy's  Centennial  Ad- 
dress, 25  and  63. 

NOTE  G.  p.  52.  In  the  spirit  inherited  from  our 
ancestors,  was  laid  the  foundation  of  the  present 
School  Fund  of  Connecticut,  which  has  gradually 
increased  until  it  now  amounts  to  more  than  two 
millions  of  dollars. 

Connecticut,  in  her  cession  of  Western  lands  to 
the  United  States,  made  September  14th,  1786, 
reserved  a  tract  extending  one  hundred  and  twenty 


76 


NOTES. 


miles  westward  of  the  Western  boundary  of  Penn- 
sylvania, and  from  the  41st  to  42d  deg.  and  2  min. 
North  latitude.  By  an  act  of  the  Legislature,  pass- 
ed October  1788,  provision  was  made  for  dividing 
this  tract  into  townships  and  offering  them  for  sale 
under  the  authority  of  the  State.  In  October  1793, 
the  avails  of  these  lands  were  set  apart  as  a  per- 
petual fund,  the  interest  of  which  was  to  be  applied 
for  the  support  of  the  Gospel  and  Common  Schools. 
In  May  1795,  this  appropriation  was  so  far  modi- 
fied as  to  limit  its  benefits  to  Common  Schools. 

NOTE  H.  p.  63.  In  respect  to  some  of  the  points 
mentioned  in  the  text,  there  will  doubtless  be  a 
difference  of  opinion.  The  author  has  expressed 
the  views,  which  after  much  inquiry  of  the  aged, 
and  a  considerable  examination  of  ancient  docu- 
ments, appear  to  him  most  agreeable  to  truth. 

Let  it  be  admitted,  that  irreligion  and  vice  are 
more  open  and  bold  and  active  than  they  formerly 
were.  It  must  also  be  admitted  that  virtue  and  re- 
ligion are  more  decided,  energetic  and  fruitful. 
Every  thing  is  free  and  voluntary  at  the  present 
day.  Restraints  are  taken  off,  and  all  in  respect 
to  morals  and  religion,  are  left  to  walk  in  the  ways 
of  their  hearts  and  in  the  sight  of  their  eyes.  The 
consequence  is,  society  is  divided  into  two  great 
classes, — those  who  are  moral  and  religious  from 
principle,  and  those  who  resist  the  control  of  prin- 


NOTES.  /  I 

ciple  and  live  and  act  in  disregard  of  God  and  du- 
ty. And  our  judgment  in  respect  to  the  present 
state  of  society,  compared  with  what  it  was  fifty 
years  ago,  will  vary  according  as  we  direct  our 
view  to  one  or  the  other  of  these  classes.  Evil 
abounds  ;  it  is,  in  some  respects,  peculiarly  rife 
and  virulent.  But  good  also  abounds,  and  is,  I  be- 
lieve, yearly  gaining  ground  and  rising  to  a  higher 
tone  of  enterprise  and  action.  If  it  be  not  so, 
of  what  use  is  the  immense  increase  of  religious 
books,  and  of  religious  reading,  which  distinguishes 
our  day,  and  of  the  multiplied  efforts  to  diffuse  the 
influence  of  truth  and  piety  among  all  classes  of  the 
community,  and  through  the  world  1 

NOTE  I.  p.  66.  The  first  newspaper  published  in 
Connecticut  was  the  Connecticut  Gazette,  at  New 
Haven,  Jan.  1,  1755,  by  James  Parker.  This  was 
continued  but  a  short  period.  The  second,  called  the 
New  London  (or  Connecticut)  Gazette,  was  first 
published  at  New  London,  by  Timothy  Green,  in 
1758.  The  third,  is  the  Connecticut  Courant, 
first  published  at  Hartford,  by  Thomas  Green,  in 
1674.— Mass.  Hist.  Coll.  vol.  6  :  76. 

The  first  printing  press  erected  in  New  England, 
was  set  up  in  Cambridge  1689.  The  first  thing 
which  was  printed  was  the  freeman's  oath ;  the 
next  was  an  Almanac  made  for  New  England  ;  the 
next  was  the  Psalms  newly  turned  into  metre, 


78 


NOTES. 


The  last  thing  which  issued  from  this  press,  was 
the  second  edition  of  Eliot's  Indian  Bible,  in  1685. 
Some  reliques  of  this  press,  it  is  said,  were  in  use 
a  few  years  since,  in  the  printing  office  at  Windsor, 
Vermont.  Mass.  Hist.  Coll.  vol.  7  :  19. 


The  following  is  a  list  of  the  names  of  all  per- 
sons holding  land  in  Hartford,  in  February  1639. 
At  that  time  it  appears  that  all  the  lands  of  the  in- 
habitants were  recorded  in  a  book,  and  we  have 
-every  reason  to  suppose  this  to  be  a  perfect  list. 
The  ancient  orthography  is  retained. 


John  Hayes 
Edward  Hopkins 
George  Willes 
Thomas  Wells 
John  Webster 
William  Whytinge 
William  Goodwing 
William  Westwood 
Thomas  Root 
Nicholas  Olmstead 
John  Mainard 
Nathaniel  Harden 
Thomas  Upson 
Ralph  Keeler 
Richard  Webb 


John  Crow 
Nicholas  Clerk 
William  Butler 
Nathaniel  Richards 
Thomas  Lord,  sen. 
Benjamin  Munn 
Andrew  Warner 
Thomas  Scott 
William  Pantry 
William  Rusco 
John  Taylcoatt 
Richard  Goodman 
Matthew  Marvin 
Timothy  Standly 
Edward  Stebbins 


NOTES. 

John  Pratt 

John  Brunson 

William  Parker 

William  Wadsworth 

John  Biddell 

Stephen  Hart 

Robert  Day 

Zachariah  Field 

Thomas  Birchwood 

James  Cole 

Richard  Lord 

John  Clerke 

Thomas  Standly 

John  Baysee 

Nicholas  Disborow 

Jeremy  Adams 

William  Kelsey 

Thomas  Bunce 

Matthew  Allen 

John  Moodie 

Nathaniel  Ely 

Joseph  Eason 

Thomas  Spenser,  Sergt. 

John  Barnard 

at  Armes. 

John  Willcock 

John  Purchas 

James  Ensine 

Robert  Wade 

John  Hopkins 

Ozias  Goodwing 

Stephen  Post 

Richard  Seamor 

Thomas  Bull 

William  Phillips 

Francis  Andrews 

Daniel  Garrad 

Andrew  Bacon 

Benjamin  Burr 

William  Hide 

Thomas  Barns 

Arthur  Smith 

John  Morris 

George  Graves 

John  Gennings 

John  Olmstead 

John  Warner 

Richard  Olmsted 

William  Heaton 

Thomas  Bliss,  sen1. 

Thomas  Woodford 

Richard  Butler 

William  Pratt 

William  Holtorr 

William  Lewis 

William  Hills 

79 


80 


NOTES. 


George  Hubbard 
Richard  Risley 
Giles  Smith 
Thomas  Selden 
Richard  Lyman 
John  White 
Thomas  Bliss,  jr. 
Thomas  Osmer 
John  Arnold 
Paul  Peck 
William  Blumfield 
Gregory  Witterton 
Joseph  Maggott 
Nathaniel  Ward 
Thomas  Hooker 
John  Peirce 
William  Gibbins 
John  Skinner 
Nathaniel  Kellogge 
James  Olmstead 
Thomas  Judd 


William  Cornwell 
James  Wakeley 
Richard  Church 
Thomas  Stanton 
Seth  Grant 
Robert  Bartlett 
Edward  Elmer 
George  Stockin 
Thomas  Gridley 
William  Westley 
Richard  Watts 
John  Stone 
Samuel  Stone 
William  Spencer 
George  Steele 
Edward  Lay 
John  Cullet 
Samuel  Wakeman 
Widow  Richards 
Mrs.  Dorothe  Chester 
Clement  Chapling 


Total,  127. 


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